Category Archives: Financial Market Regulation

And yet they (the Central Banks) move!

On Dec. 12, Ben Bernanke, President of the Federal Reserve Board (FED) of the USA extended the Fed’s catalogue of objectives by a significant step: as long as the unemployment rate does not fall below 6.5%, the Fed will do anything to stimulate growth, keep the interest at zero and pump around 85 bill $ a month into the economy. During that period, the (former) inflation target of 2.5% my be breached – wow!

On Dec. 13, Mark Carney, the Canadian Central Bank governor and designated Bank of England Governor, lectured that in the future central banks might go away from inflation targeting and orient their policy on nominal GDP (which is the product of GDP at fixed prices and the price deflator). Again, a significant step forward towards growth stimulation and relativization of the inflation target.

Nothing similar has been heard from Mario Draghi, governor of the European Central Bank, who will (at least nominally) stick to its sole inflation target. But, of course, the ECB under Draghi has done a lot to stimulate the EU/EZ economy, especially since he stated that ECB would do anything to prevent a recession. But Draghi on 13.12. also asked for an extension of ECB’s competency, in order to be able to wind down insolvent European banks.

All this is quite remarkable. It means that Central Banks increasingly and more openly see themselves as part of the total economic policy instrument kit. And, it is true, that during the recent crisis the ECB has been the only EU institution fully functioning and taking decisions when necessary. But it seems that now Central Banks also come out into the open with what they have been practicing more or less clandestinely during the past years. To extend their policy objectives to growth, or even more daring, to unemployment reduction, is a significant step – and very welcome. Of course, we know that in Europe there is a long way to go. The German Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe has been very restrictive in its interpretation of such and similar steps and will continue to do so. Mario Draghi is called upon to continue his surreptitious attempts to overcome the Eurozone economic and banking crisis.

 

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Why have we not (yet?) solved the Financial Crisis?

For several months we have been bombarded with new EU and ECB proposals and decisions on reforming one or the other fragment of the EU and Eurozone economy. But still, growth is anaemic, unemployment rising, the double-dip recession deepening, the Greek crisis spinning out of control, social cohesion in Spain, Portugal, Italy and other EU countries disintegrating.

Why, ask many EU policymakers, are our efforts not successful? Have we not done some very innovative and radical things, have we not thrown many of the self-imposed rules and regulations overboard, in order to overcome the crisis? EU citizens also want an answer to these questions, urgently.

I see three major flaws in the EU/Eurozone crisis strategy: one is process-related, two are substantial. Continue reading

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Der Hund, das Frisbee und Finanzmarktregulierung oder: Wenn Weniger Mehr ist

Was soll ein einem Frisbee nachlaufender Hund mit Basel III, dem neuen “Meisterstück” der Bankenregulierung gemeinsam haben? Dieser Frage ist der Direktor für Finanzmarktstabilität der britischen Finanzmarktaufsicht Andrew Haldane beim alljährlichen Mekka der Zentralbanker der Welt in Jackson Hole, am 31. August 2012 nähergekommen (Haldane, A.G., Madouros V. The Dog and the Frisbee, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 36th economic policy symposium, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, August 31, 2012). Er beschreibt das Paradox, dass Hunde die strömungstechnisch und physikalisch äusserst anspruchsvolle Aufgabe, ein geworfenes Frisbee zu fangen, hundeleicht erledigen. Auch viele Menschen schaffen das ganz gut – ohne Doktorat in Physik. Sie alle folgen einer (empirisch nachgewiesenen) einfachen Faustregel, nämlich die Renn-Geschwindigkeit so anzupassen, dass der Sichtwinkel zum fliegenden Frisbee konstant bleibt. Continue reading

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Mario’s Plural Rationality Moment

International gremia have a hard time making decisions. When they finally arrive at a decision, it is invariably a compromise, that is, it is not the “functionally best” decision. Of course, in economics, there are no “functionally best” decisions, because the individual arguments entering into it come from different people/nations, representing different viewpoints or views of the world or of what they deem to be “reality”. These differences may be reinforced by ideologies Continue reading

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Neue (?) Vorschläge zur Bekämfpung der Eurokrise

Am 23. Juli haben 17 prominente europäische Ökonomen (inklusive drei Frauen) im Namen des Institute for New Economic Thinking einen weiteren Beitrag zur Eurokrise geliefert. Neu und wichtig daran ist, daß sie zwischen Sofortmaßnahmen und längerfristig notwendigen Maßnahmen trennen. Erstere sollen so gewählt werden, daß letztere darauf aufbauen können. Continue reading

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Die Straße nach Absurdistan: ein europäisches Politikdilemma

 Die EU hat ja einiges an Krisenbewältigung versucht. Vor einigen Tagen gaben die Eurozone-Finanzminister grünes Licht für ein 100 Mrd €-Paket an Spanien, damit die Regierung ihre Banken retten kann. Als Vorleistung an die EU, die EZB und den IMF hatte Spaniens Regierungschef kurz zuvor ein weiteres 65 Mrd € betragendes „Sparpaket“ gegen die wütenden Proteste der betroffenen Bevölkerung durchgedrückt. Zur selben Zeit reduzierte die spanische Regierung ihre Wachstumsvorhersage für 2013 von ohnedies mageren 0.4% auf minus -0.5%, und bekam als Dank ihre Rechnung von den Finanzmärkten präsentiert: weiteres downgrading und eine Steigerung des geforderten Zinssatzes für Staatsschuld von 7.2%, weder leistbar, schon gar nicht „tragfähig“! Continue reading

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The Road to Absurdistan: A European Policy Dilemma

It is not that significantly new measures have not been tried: a few days ago, the Eurozone finance ministers backed a 100 bn € bank rescue fund for Spain (after Ireland, Portugal and Greece), so Spain could rescue its ailing banks. As “conditionality” required by the finance ministers, the ECB and the IMF, the Spanish prime minister had just pushed through another 65 bn € austerity package, in order to prove that Spain was serious about “savings”. At the same time, the Spanish government lowered its already measly GDP forecast for 2013 from 0.4% to a minus -0.5%. This, of course, will once again make it more difficult to repay the old and the newly incurred Spanish debt. And this even more so, as the financial markets “rewarded” the Spanish and European efforts (to repay them) by increasing the requested yield on Spanish government bonds to a staggering 7.2% – a rate far from affordable, let alone sustainable. Continue reading

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What Kind of Political Union for the EU?

Recently EU policymakers have increasingly talked about the necessity to form a “Political Union” as a precondition for solving the dual (sovereign and banking) financial crisis in the EU/EZ. But little has been said so far of what exactly constitutes such a political union. Merkel and Co. seem to merely mean a transfer of sovereign budget sovereignty of “crisis countries” from national parliaments to an EU institution. The fiscal pact under various stages of decision by 25 EU countries (exceptions UK and Czech Republic) foresees this already. Continue reading

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Krisenbekämpfung: Fiskal- und/oder Geldpolitik? Mikro- und/oder Makro?

2009/10 haben die Finanzministerien der Industrieländer riesige Summen in Bankenrettungspakete und Konjunkturprogramme gesteckt und die Notenbanken ihre Geldpolitik traditionell expansiv werden lassen (Zinssatzsenkungen) und durch „unkonventionelle Maßnahmen“ (quantitative easing) riesige Liquidität an die Banken weitergegeben. Durch diese Maßnahmen sind die Konjunkturen vieler Länder nicht vollständig eingebrochen (einige Länder, wie das Baltikum, Ukraine und andere hatten jedoch massive BIP-Rückgänge), doch sind die Verschuldensraten stark gestiegen – in einigen Ländern sogar bis in Höhen, die von den Ratingagenturen und den Banken, die die Staatsfinanzierung üblicherweise vornehmen, als (fast) uneinbringlich angesehen wurden. Dadurch wurden die von den Staaten verlangten Risikoprämien weiter erhöht, damit deren Rückzahlungsfähigkeit noch mehr beeinträchtigt – und so weiter und so fort. Continue reading

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How to Fight the Crisis: Fiscal, Monetary, Micro and/or Macro?

2009/10 the finance ministers of the Western industrial countries poured large sums of taxpayer money into bank-saving packages and economic stimulus packages. National banks provided massive liquidity to commercial banks and lowered interest rates. These measures are recognized to have prevented a Great-Depression-style depression, even though a number of countries recorded massive GDP losses. The price was high, partly unsustainable sovereign debt ratios, which worries rating agencies and banks – which in turn charged some countries even higher risk premiums which certainly did not help their capacity to repay. This spiral is continuing today. Continue reading

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Scrutinize the Coming EU Summit: Growth and/or Austerity?

On June 28/29 EU heads of state and government will discuss (once more) solutions to the deepening crisis. A few thoughts on that, given at a lecture at the Vienna Institute of Comparative Economics (wiiw) on June 25.

  1. Are high sovereign debt levels/shares the cause of the crisis? – no: in most countries, already high debt shares rose significantly only after 2008 (as a result of bailing out banks and of sizeable stimulus packages); Ireland and Spain had very low sovereign debt levels, but very high private debt (bubbles).

But now we have very high sovereign debt levels. They require budget consolidation:
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Ist Spanien mit den 100 Milliarden geholfen?

Angeblich (die Details stehen noch nicht fest) gewähren die anderen 16 Euroländer Spanien einen Kredit, den dessen Regierung an ihre Banken zur Rekapitalisierung weitergeben soll. Laufzeiten und Zinsen sind noch unbekannt; einzig bekannt ist, daß Spanien (im Gegensatz zu Griechenland) nicht quartalsweise die Troika von IMF, EK und EZB am Hals haben wird, die den Budgetvollzug des Landes kontrollieren soll: das war Spanien Bedingung, dem Drängen der Euroländer nachzugeben und um den Kredit anzusuchen. Spaniens Ministerpräsident Rajoy hat dies auch als „Sieg für den Euro und die Eurozone“ bezeichnet, aber nicht als Sieg für Spanien. „Spin“, wohin man schaut. Continue reading

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Die Krise schwelt und schwelt und schwelt: wann kommt die nächste Phase?

Einige Fakten: griechische, italienische und spanische Zinssätze für Staatsanleihen krebsen trotz erheblicherAnstrengungen der EZB und des Rettungsschrims cum IMF wieder nahe zur bedrohlichen 6%-Marke; die Arbeitslosenraten dieser Länder steigen in Höhen, die jene zur Zeit der Weltwirtschaftskrise bezeichnen; jene für die Jugendlichen erreichen unfaßbare 50%; Demonstrationen in diesen und vielen anderen Ländern wegen der Auswirkungen der strengen Sparprogramme; das Wirtschaftswachstum stagniert bestenfalls, in den hauptbetroffenen Ländern schrumpft die Wirtschaft. Continue reading

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Felix Austria! No Target

 In Deutschland läuft seit einiger Zeit – und immer intensiver – eine Debatte unter dem kryptisch klingenden Namen „Target 2“. (Target 2 ist das Abrechnungssystem der Eurozone, in welchem die EZB Finanzierungssalden ausgleicht). Continue reading

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Let’s Do It Right!

 Nicolas Veron of Bruegel Thinktank (Europe’s Fiscal Union Still Lacks a Blueprint) is on the same line as many of my previous postings: the piecemeal approach by EU policymakers to addressing one problem in the Eurozone at a time – and the hesitant and half-hearted solutions they can (partially) agree on – with its overriding tenet that the sacrosanct status of the European Treaties must not be called into question does risk the viability of the Eurozone. Continue reading

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